The contribution of visual information to human brake behaviour

In this study the contribution of visual information to the onset and control of braking in front of a stationary target vehicle was investigated. In a first experiment, participants drove a go-cart along a linear track towards a stationary vehicle, in monocular and binocular conditions. They could start braking from a distance of 4, 7, or 10 metres from the vehicle. In a second experiment, the same braking task was executed under three visual conditions: normal vision, central vision and central vision with restricted peripheral vision. No significant differences between monocular and binocular vision were reported, whereas the restriction of peripheral vision was associated with more reserved brake behaviour. The results are discussed with respect to the functional significance of visual information during braking and related to the theoretical discussion on the exact nature of the information used

Test-retest reliability and validity of a child and parental questionnaire on specific determinants of cycling to school

This study examined the reliability of a newly developed child and parental questionnaire on specific determinants of cycling to school among 10-12 year olds. Validity of child reported distance, bicycle equipment and basic bicycle skills was also investigated. In total 211 children and 33 parents participated in this study. The reliability of the questionnaires was acceptable with results indicating reliability ranging from fair to perfect agreement. Therefore, the questionnaires appear to be reliable tools for assessing specific determinants of cycling to school. Furthermore, it was found that children overestimate their abilities to perform basic bicycle skills. This suggests that objectively measuring bicycle skills is preferred to child reported skills assessment

Cycling around bends: the effect of cycling speed on steering and gaze behavior

C

Cue usage in volleyball : a time course comparison of elite, intermediate and novice female players

This study compared visual search strategies in adult female volleyball players of three levels. Video clips of the attack of the opponent team were presented on a large screen and participants reacted to the final pass before the spike. Reaction time, response accuracy and eye movement patterns were measured. Elite players had the highest response accuracy (97.50 ± 3.5%) compared to the intermediate (91.50 ± 4.7%) and novice players (83.50 ± 17.6%; p<0.05). Novices had a remarkably high range of reaction time but no significant differences were found in comparison to the reaction time of elite and intermediate players. In general, the three groups showed similar gaze behaviour with the apparent use of visual pivots at moments of reception and final pass. This confirms the holistic model of image perception for volleyball and suggests that expert players extract more information from parafoveal regions